Study the Effects of Anadrol Overdose on Liver Function in Male Rats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31351/vol31iss1pp65-71Keywords:
Keywords: Anadrol, Hepatic injury, ALT, AST, Anabolic Androgenic SteroidAbstract
Anadrol (oxymetholone) is an active androgenic anabolic steroid that has been clinically studied in numerous diseases since the 1960s. It is used in the treatment of anemia and the replacement of male sex steroids. Unfortunately, in attempts to improve physical performance, Anadrol could be misused by athletes, that can lead to poisoning contributes to hepatotoxicity.
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of anadrol on the liver function in rat model, via assessment of liver enzymes and histopathological study.
A forty male rats, weights about (200-300 gm), aged 8-12 weeks, after acclimatization, the rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats in each group) as follow: control group (in which all rats were administered normal saline (NS) via oral gavage), anadrol 10 mg/kg (Iran-Tehran Company) group (in which all rats were administered anadrol 10mg/kg via oral gavage), anadrol 20 mg/kg group (in which all rats were administered anadrol 20mg/kg via oral gavage), and anadrol 30 mg/kg group (in which all rats were administered anadrol 30mg/kg via oral gavage), the oral administration had continued for 8 weeks in single daily dose regimen. At the end of study liver function enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase & aspartate aminotransferase were measured via chemical analysis. Then histopathological study was done on the liver tissue in the four experimental groups.
Male rats that treated with anadrol displayed high level of liver enzymes, including as alanine aminotransferase & aspartate aminotransferase, as compared with control group. On the other hand, histopathological study exhibited significant injurious changes in the hepatic tissue in anadrol groups comparing with control.
When anadrol given in high doses results in hepatic injury, that can be cleared via elevated levels of hepatic enzymes and liver histopathological changes.
References
Abdollahi M, Pakzad M. Oxymetholone. In: Wexler P, editor. Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition). Oxford: Academic Press; 2014. p. 744-6.
Pavlatos AM, Fultz O, Monberg MJ, Vootkur A, Pharmd. Review of oxymetholone: a 17alpha-alkylated anabolic-androgenic steroid. Clinical therapeutics. 2001;23(6):789-801; discussion 771.
Vazquez E. Comparing Oxandrin and Anadrol-50. Positively aware : the monthly journal of the Test Positive Aware Network. 1998;9(4):49-51.
Anadrol side effects [Internet]. Drugs.com. 2020.
Calado RT, Clé DV. Treatment of inherited bone marrow failure syndromes beyond transplantation. Hematology American Society of Hematology Education Program. 2017;2017(1):96-101.
Kaufman MJ, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG, Jr. Supraphysiologic-dose anabolic-androgenic steroid use: A risk factor for dementia? Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2019;100:180-207.
Modlinski R, Fields KB. The effect of anabolic steroids on the gastrointestinal system, kidneys, and adrenal glands. Current sports medicine reports. 2006;5(2):104-9.
Niedfeldt MW. Anabolic Steroid Effect on the Liver. 2018;17(3):97-102.
Robles-Diaz M, Gonzalez-Jimenez A, Medina-Caliz I, Stephens C, García-Cortes M, García-Muñoz B, et al. Distinct phenotype of hepatotoxicity associated with illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids. 2015;41(1):116-25.
Aliakbar R, Vahid IJP-S, Sciences B. Effects of oxymetholone on hematological and liver factors in the male bodybuilder's serum. 2009;1(1):2814-6.
Hengge UR, Stocks K, Faulkner S, Wiehler H, Lorenz C, Jentzen W, et al. Oxymetholone for the treatment of HIV-wasting: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial in eugonadal men and women. HIV clinical trials. 2003;4(3):150-63.
Karrow NA, McCay JA, Brown R, Musgrove D, Munson AE, White KL, Jr. Oxymetholone modulates cell-mediated immunity in male B6C3F1 mice. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2000;23(4):621-44.
Nejati V, Zahmatkesh E, Babaei M. Protective Effects of Royal Jelly on Oxymetholone-Induced Liver Injury in Mice. Iran Biomed J. 2016;20(4):229-34.
Nejati V, Gholamreza N, N H, Shalizar-Jalali A, Nikoo M. Effect of Oxymetholone on Spermatogenic Indices in Rats2019.
Rahmanian S, Johari H, Jahromi V, Jahromi H. Effect of maternal drug treatment during pregnancy and lactation oxymetholone through the levels of sex hormones in adult female offspring rats. Advances in Environmental Biology. 2012;6:2791-5.
National Toxicology Program NTPUSDoH, Human Services : Public Health Service : National Institutes of Health NIH. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of oxymetholone (CAS no 434-07-01) in F344-N rats and toxicology studies of oxymetholone in B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). Research Triangle Park1999.
NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Oxymetholone (CAS NO. 434-07-1) in F344/N Rats and Toxicology Studies of Oxymetholone in B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies). National Toxicology Program technical report series. 1999;485:1-233.
Fujifilm. FUJI DRI-CHEM SLIDE TP-PIII. 2014.
Muhammad-Azam F, Nur-Fazila SH, Ain-Fatin R, Mustapha Noordin M, Yimer N. Histopathological changes of acetaminophen-induced liver injury and subsequent liver regeneration in BALB/C and ICR mice. Veterinary world. 2019;12(11):1682-8.
Antoine DJ, Williams DP, Kipar A, Jenkins RE, Regan SL, Sathish JG, et al. High-mobility group box-1 protein and keratin-18, circulating serum proteins informative of acetaminophen-induced necrosis and apoptosis in vivo. Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology. 2009;112(2):521-31.
Abbas WJ, Altemimi ML, Al-Mudhafar RH, Zigam QA, Hadi NR. Effects of Vinpocetine on Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Male Rat Model. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy. 2020;11(12):2380-9.
Dickerman RD, Pertusi RM, Zachariah NY, Dufour DR, McConathy WJ. Anabolic steroid-induced hepatotoxicity: is it overstated? Clin J Sport Med. 1999;9(1):34-9.
Chatterjea MN SR. Textbook of Medical Biochemistry. New Delhi: Medical Publishers
Manal EA El-Halwagy1 SHA-A, 3, Rasha Hamed Mahmoud1, Fares K Khalifa4, Nevine S, Darwish5 AAA, Amany S Mohamed6. Impact of chronic androgenic
steroid exposure on liver toxicity. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology. 2016;9(2):2652-9.
Cardoso CR, Marques MA, Caminha RC, Maioli MC, Aquino Neto FR. Validation of the determination of oxymetholone in human plasma analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Application to pharmacokinetic studies. Journal of chromatography B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2002;775(1):1-8.
Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, et al. Causes, Clinical Features, and Outcomes From a Prospective Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(6):1924-34.e4.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IJPS)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
